Almost two millennia ago, a familiar incantation in the writings of a Roman scholar is employed to ward off the scourge of malaria. Etched into the limestone cliffs of China's Longmen Grottoes are hundreds of ancient medical prescriptions made from startling ingredients like human hair and animal dung. What should we make of this curious ancient pharmacopeia? Beneath the grassy mounds of Culmen in Poland, a medieval graveyard is littered with fossilized squid tails. What mystical or medical significance did these strange burial goods once hold?